Wednesday, 4 April 2018

The People Before



Some people have a commercial association with a place while others are rooted, grounded to land they grow up around. For some land is a matter of sale, purchase and profit. For others it is a concern of memories, feelings and relationships.

This was the primary difference in attitude of the father and the Maori’s towards land in the short story the People Before.

For the father the place had a commercial value. They had “bought it for a song” shows the value of the land only from money point of view. For him it was important that the land was cheap.

For the Maoris on the other hand, the land had a lot of value. They come back to the place for an old man to die for he had been born on that land.


Tuesday, 13 February 2018

"Rosa" in The Prison

"Rosa was too plain" for Tommy.

A simple study of verbs associated Rosa reveals use of "trusted nobody", "screamed", "wouldn't let up screaming".

An easy way to understand how a character has been designed is to look at words associated with the character. 
Rosa, for example, was a violent person herself. So the words associated with her reveal!

More about characters in the next post. The father in "The People Before".

Friday, 9 February 2018

Why is "The Prison" a prison!


The way a prison has a jailer, a cell and punishment, so does Tommy's life in "The Prison" by  Bernard Malamud.

Tommy's life was a"screaming bore". This sentence itself says a lot about the character and his life.
Can you imagine your life which is boring. A life where you have to get up and do the same thing everyday! A life where there is no change - the change that you attempt is not allowed.Tommy - hated his wife, the place he worked, the work he did, the hours he worked. His life had to be a bore!
Why does the author use the word "screaming. Simple because it was so obvious that he was completely fed up of his life!


 It is only "except for an hour off each afternoon when he went upstairs to sleep". That was the relief that he got. This too is reminiscent of a prison where the prisoner is allowed a break for a short while and within the premises!


More coming....................

Names of characters!


The names of characters are also chosen with a purpose. The name “Ward” in Billennium also has a reason. The writer wants to focus on the small space that a “ward” represents. It is a division within a given space. And that is what the story is about. Spaces – smaller spaces within that.

Monday, 16 January 2017

What is loss of innocence?


Maturity does not happen one fine day. It comes in doses. And doses of hardships, bitter experiences. Small incidents project how tough or cruel life is, people are. We do not grow up in one go. Experiences, rejection, failures, challenges, tests, relationships, each such incident of life which is tough and new helps us grow. Learning is a default function in all this.

In literary language this growing up, gaining maturity is called “loss of innocence”. Not that writers make life easier and state so explicitly in their stories. But a harsh incident, confronting bitter truths indirectly shows development in character. This development in character is “loss of innocence” in most cases. Especially, in cases of children experiencing such incidents.

In “Of White hairs and cricket” for example, the narrator does not want to pluck out white hair from his father’s head. He detests the Sunday morning ritual. However, when he sees his friend’s father near death on the makeshift hospital bed, he faces the bitter truth of aging followed by possible death. In the end he is more than willing to do what he had started out not doing. He does not want his father to grow old. He does state it to his father but deep inside he wants life to go at the pace it was earlier. This is the process that shows growth in character and the child grows up. He loses his innocence.

Ravi of “Games at twilight” wants to be the winner. He hides in a shed, loses trace of time. By the time he comes out to declare himself the winner he realizes that his cousins have moved on to playing other games. While he was crafting his dreams of being the winner, his disappearance had not been missed. On the contrary his playmates were making merry. Two things happen here. He realizes that he had not been missed. He also realizes that his victory was lost. He has to confront these two truths. He grows up. Ravi, thus, loses his innocence. Though the writer does not state it in so many words.

The job of understanding the writer’s purpose is of the reader. The loss is not stated it is implied. We, the readers, have to recognize and define loss of innocence.


Wednesday, 11 January 2017

3 Steps to understand the deeper meaning of a poem

3 Steps to understand the deeper meaning of a poem


1.     1.  Read the poem 3 times

Reading the poem aloud helps understand the music and rhythm of the poem. Does it read fast or slow? Does it have a staccato or domino effect? Poets write with music and rhythm in mind. Understanding this helps look at the effect of the poem on the reader.

2.       2. Use the dictionary

Finding meaning of words you have come across for the first time helps. Amanda Chong uses the word “kiris” for example in her poem called “Lion Heart”. “Kiris” is an asymmetrical dagger. It was a dagger used in Singapore. The poet uses this word here because it is a part of its history. Hence, the word represents the history of the country. This makes the poem patriotic. The use of other words in the poem along with the word “keris” helps understand deeper meaning.

3. 3.       Look for patterns

Is the word “You” used more than once? Where is it used? Does the word “then” come in the first line of the third stanza? If it does, it could probably mean a change of some sort in the poem. What is the word “you” used for? Is it for the reader? Is it for the poet’s mother? Does it represent a country? One word can have many interpretations.
Look for patters and give a meaning to the pattern.

Poets will always have a meaning to read and another to understand. The steps above take one step toward understanding deeper meaning.



Sunday, 12 June 2016

Stabat Mater

Stabat Mater
My mother called my father ‘Mr Hunt’
For the first few years of married life.
I learned this from a book she had inscribed:
‘To dear Mr Hunt, from his loving wife.’

She was embarrassed when I asked her why
But later on explained how hard it had been
To call him any other name at first, when he –
Her father’s elder – made her seem so small.

Now in a different way, still like a girl,
She calls my father every other sort of name;
And guiding him as he roams old age
Sometimes turns to me as if it were a game…

That once I stand up straight, I too must learn
To walk away and know there’s no return.
-          Sam Hunt

The poem begins with Sam stumbling onto the formality in the relationship that had exited between his parent’s earlier. The words “I learned” show that he did not remember from his childhood nor did anyone tell him but that he discovered. Also, that this decorum of formality was followed during the initial years of their marriage only. The word “inscribed” shows an indelible mark that has been left behind. That she did not address him by his first name is more apparent than her calling him “Mr. Hunt”.
Is the poet meaning to say something when he rhymes “wife” with “life” is the question that comes to reader’s mind while reading.
For the mother it is embarrassing to explain to the child that the sheer age difference between them stopped her from calling him by “any other name”.  Here too, what comes across is not that the husband made her feel small but that she felt humbled in his presence and that his stature was so high that she felt “small”. The poet focuses on the age difference by using dashes twice once before and after “her father’s elder”. The author’s indirect use of enjambment in the line “hard it had been” conjures the image of a tough taskmaster that they husband may have been in the past only to contrast to merely the inability of addressing him otherwise. The contrast of thought between “hard” and “simple” comes through to the reader.
The “girl” in the mother remains. Earlier she was a girl because she was much younger. She is a girl even now for she endears him with ever “sort of name”. The first line carries a separated oxymoron in “different” and “like” to show the similarity and contrast in the mother. A focused read of the poem reveals the authors deliberate use of “name” and “game” to rhyme, again like puns have been intended to be separated.  The game of names comes alive in this rhyme scheme. The reader is subtly guided to the change of game. The father needs “guidance” and is now dependent on the mother. The image gradually dawns on the reader.
The first read of the last lines may seem to lead to death but perhaps it is about no return to being young only growing up and becoming old.
The poem is about knowing that there is “no return” to youth and the endearments life carries with itself. The unsaid comes through more than the said. “Once I stand up straight”, for example, seems to be not so much about being independent as about the transition from dependent to independent and not being able to go back.
Sam’s theme remains the family, yet finality of death does not seem to be the end of life, no return to youth does. Clearly, he was intrigued and perhaps proud of the age difference between his parents.

“Stabat Mater” refers to mother Mary, however here is sorrowful not for her son but the father of the son.